African integration: Navigating the complexities and opportunities

The 46th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union (AU) convened in February 2025 in Addis Ababa, with Morocco actively participating in deliberations. Morocco's historical connection to the AU dates back to its founding membership in 1963, although it withdrew in 1984 due to disputes regarding the Western Sahara issue. In 2017, Morocco resumed its membership, emphasizing its commitment to African unity and solidarity.

As of March 1, 2025, Morocco holds the rotating presidency of the AU's Peace and Security Council (PSC) for a three-year term. This role highlights Morocco’s strategic diplomatic engagement on the continent, reinforcing its dedication to peace, security, and stability in Africa. The Kingdom’s aspirations for leadership stem from its long-standing vision of a united Africa devoted to political and economic advancement.

Historical Context of Morocco’s Commitment

The Kingdom of Morocco has been a persistent advocate for African unity since the inception of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Historically, the OAU sought to foster independence and resolve colonial legacies among African nations. The foundation of this organization was a testament to Morocco's belief in continental solidarity and pan-African ideals.

However, various geopolitical complexities arose, particularly concerning the Sahara issue, which became a contentious point leading to Morocco's withdrawal from the OAU in 1984. The acceptance of the Polisario Front as a member by the OAU contradicted Morocco's stance on territorial integrity and national sovereignty, culminating in ongoing tensions with several member nations during the Cold War period.

Morocco’s Resurgence in the African Union

Returning to the AU in 2017, King Mohammed VI articulated the necessity of reengaging with the continent, affirming that Africa is crucial to Morocco's identity and future. Despite the persistent challenge surrounding Western Sahara, Morocco aimed to enhance its relationship with African nations, focusing on cooperation in multiple sectors, including economy and security.

Over several decades, Morocco has cultivated partnerships with various African countries, establishing itself as a significant player in regional diplomacy. By endorsing active policies aimed at conflict resolution, co-development, and the defense of African interests, Morocco has sought to reclaim its role within the continental framework.

Current Challenges Facing the African Union

The African Union still grapples with significant obstacles, particularly in establishing effective mechanisms for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Currently, six member states are excluded from the organization due to political instability, thereby complicating decision-making processes within the AU. The AU's limited resources impact its efficacy in addressing issues of unrest, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive reforms and collaboration among member states.

The historical impotence of the OAU in crises like the Rwandan genocide casts a long shadow over the AU's current endeavors to become more responsive and effective in governance and peacekeeping. Global shifts following the Cold War have prompted Africa to assert greater autonomy in international matters, shifting focus toward regional integration and collaboration.

The Future of the African Union: Exploring Scenarios

The trajectory of the African Union will largely depend on both internal dynamics and external factors. Three potential scenarios emerge regarding its future:

Scenario 1: Strengthened Integration and Unity

In an optimistic view, the AU could facilitate political, economic, and security integration across Africa, promoting initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and enhancing peacekeeping capabilities. If the AU successfully reforms to achieve cohesive decision-making and accountability, it could become a formidable presence on the global stage.

Scenario 2: Business as Usual

Conversely, there exists a pessimistic outlook where both public disinterest and member states’ prioritization of national over collective interests undermine the AU’s influence. Continued fragmentation and external pressures could lead to stagnation, hampering AU efforts to foster economic integration and security.

Scenario 3: Paralysis and Decline

The most alarming scenario foresees the decline of the AU's relevance due to governance issues, internal conflicts, and inadequate responses to crises. The reliance on external interventions without effective regional solutions could further erode the AU's authority and efficacy.

Morocco’s Role: A Vision for African Unity

In light of these challenges, Morocco's proactive engagement in Africa remains vital. King Mohammed VI’s vision underscores the importance of Morocco as a key player dedicated to African unity. The Kingdom’s initiatives, such as the African Atlantic Gas Pipeline project, exemplify efforts to foster economic integration and cooperation.

Morocco's contributions to security cooperation, economic development, and cultural ties illustrate its commitment to establishing a more resilient and unified African framework. Despite the seeming complexities of achieving integration, Morocco’s ongoing efforts signal a hopeful prospect for the future of the African Union.

The journey towards a unified Africa is fraught with challenges, yet with sustained collaboration and strategic initiatives, the promise of integration remains within reach.