Tamazight: Morocco's Ancestral Tongue Before the Islamic Era

A new report from Morocco’s ad hoc thematic working group on language policy reveals that Tamazight was the original and predominant language in Morocco before the Islamic conquest.

This comprehensive 161-page document, published in July 2024, was authored by members of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the Moroccan Parliament. It delves into the intricate linguistic history of the country, evaluates past language policies, and offers recommendations for the future.

Historical Context and Evolution of Tamazight

Tamazight, part of the Afro-Asiatic language family, has ancient roots dating back to pre-Christian times. Renowned for its diverse dialects and cultural richness, it has significantly shaped Morocco's indigenous cultural identity.

The report outlines the evolution of Tamazight, highlighting the development of various dialects across different regions. The primary dialects today are Tashelhit, spoken in the High and Middle Atlas mountains; Tamazight, in the Middle Atlas; and Tarifit, in the Rif region.

With the 7th-century Islamic conquest, Arabic became the dominant language for religion, culture, and administration. Despite this, pure Tamazight persisted in some areas, while Moroccan Arabic dialects emerged, influenced by Arabic.

The Colonial Impact of French

During the French and Spanish protectorate period in the last century, French was established as the official language of administration and higher education, with Spanish used in certain northern regions. The colonial era saw increased interaction between French and native languages, leading to the integration of French vocabulary into Moroccan Arabic (Darija).

Post-independence in 1956, Morocco recognized Classical Arabic as an official language, and in 2011, constitutionalized Tamazight. Yet, French continues to play a pivotal role in education, media, and business, posing challenges for Morocco's linguistic landscape.

Challenges in Language Policy

The report highlights significant hurdles in implementing an effective language policy in Morocco. It points to a lack of clarity and consistent application, particularly in defining the roles of Arabic, Amazigh, and French across education, administration, and media.

Despite official recognition, the presence of Arabic and Tamazight remains limited, with Tamazight facing more significant challenges, especially in education. The report criticizes the language policy's ambiguity and the insufficient resources dedicated to supporting linguistic pluralism.

The Dominance of French

French still dominates school and higher education, administration, and the economy, limiting the use of Arabic and Tamazight. The report notes that French occupies two-thirds of compulsory education time, overshadowing the official languages.

Linguistic Obstacles

The document discusses the confusion between multilingualism and linguistic pollution, where lexical interference between vernacular dialects and foreign languages blurs the identities of Moroccan dialects. The report also highlights the issue of granting Moroccan colloquial functions it is not suited for, which could displace the Arabic language.

Additionally, the education sector faces a shortage of qualified teachers for both official and foreign languages, along with a lack of educational tools and specialized programs.

Delayed Implementation of Tamazight

The report criticizes the slow activation of Tamazight's official status, particularly the delayed issuance of Organic Law No. 26.19, which was enacted eight years after the constitutionalization of Tamazight. It notes non-compliance with set deadlines for integrating Tamazight into education and public life and weak governmental engagement in this process.

Social and Economic Linguistic Challenges

The report links linguistic challenges to broader social and economic disparities, complicating efforts to achieve linguistic justice across different societal segments. Reconsidering the status of French in the education system is seen as crucial to achieving equal opportunities for all citizens.

The Rise of English

The report calls for prioritizing Arabic and Tamazight while recognizing the importance of English, as stated in the constitution. Campaigns advocating for English to replace French as the primary foreign language in schools are gaining momentum. Proponents argue that English proficiency is vital for competing in the global economy and accessing broader educational and professional opportunities.

Despite challenges, such as the lack of qualified English teachers and resources, the growing popularity of English among Moroccan youth and government initiatives suggest a gradual shift towards English as the primary foreign language.

This transition is seen by some as a way to distance Morocco from its colonial past and adapt to the demands of the modern global market. This thorough examination of Morocco’s linguistic history and policy highlights the need for a clear, balanced approach to language use in education, administration, and public life, ensuring that all citizens benefit from linguistic justice and equal opportunities.