Argentina at a Crossroads One Year Under a Climate-Skeptic President

Argentina has undergone a profound transformation under President Javier Milei’s leadership, marked by significant shifts in environmental policy and economic priorities. While his administration has sought to address the country’s severe economic crisis, critics argue that these changes come at a steep cost to environmental protection and indigenous rights.

A Threat to Indigenous Traditions  

For Gabriel Jofré, a Mapuche leader in Mendoza, the impact of climate change and government policies has cast a shadow over his community’s ancestral way of life. Jofré, like many in his community, raises goats while migrating between the Andes and surrounding plains. Yet, plans for mining in the region and the retreat of glaciers due to climate change have jeopardized these traditions.  

Local authorities, aligned with Milei, have reconsidered the recognition of ancestral Mapuche lands, potentially opening the door to mining projects and public land auctions. These decisions, combined with national policies promoting resource extraction, have heightened tensions with indigenous communities.  

“Our territories are an inseparable part of our identity and culture,” says Jofré. “If mining advances, the impact will deepen, threatening our food sources and traditional medicine.”  

Environmental Protection Eroded 

Milei’s administration has taken controversial steps to reduce the size of the state, including downgrading the Ministry of Environment and cutting budgets for environmental protection. His omnibus reform law initially proposed dismantling key laws safeguarding forests and glaciers, although these provisions were later removed under public pressure.  

The government has introduced the Incentive Regime for Large Investments (Rigi), aimed at attracting foreign investment in Argentina’s abundant natural resources. This includes exploiting shale gas reserves, lithium deposits, and oil reserves. While the policy has spurred interest from investors, environmentalists warn of severe ecological consequences.  

Manuel Jaramillo, director of the Argentine Wildlife Foundation, highlights the risks of Milei’s approach: “This policy ignores scientific evidence of the environmental crisis and misses the chance to embrace sustainable development.”  

The Bigger Picture: Economic Pressures

Argentina’s economic woes—soaring inflation, widespread poverty, and high unemployment—have overshadowed environmental concerns. A recent survey revealed that only 4% of Argentines view the climate crisis as a top priority, compared to nearly half focusing on poverty and inequality.  

Milei’s government has also sought to align provincial governors with his vision through the May Pact, which emphasizes resource exploitation. Critics argue this undermines local autonomy and weakens environmental oversight, as provinces are heavily reliant on mining royalties.  

Eduardo Sosa, a former provincial official, warns of the long-term impact on Argentina’s glaciers and ecosystems, citing risks from mining activities and infrastructure development.  

Balancing Pragmatism and Ideology  

Despite his libertarian rhetoric, Milei has demonstrated pragmatism when faced with economic and political realities. While his administration withdrew negotiators from the COP29 climate summit, Argentina remains in the Paris Agreement, a move likely intended to maintain international investment.  

Observers note that Milei’s policies reflect a balancing act between ideological commitments and the need to stabilize Argentina’s economy. “He has limited his actions pragmatically when they could harm his broader agenda,” says political analyst Marcelo García.  

The Road Ahead

As Milei’s second year in office approaches, the stakes are high for Argentina. With international investors cautiously optimistic and public discourse shifting away from environmental concerns, the country faces the challenge of balancing economic recovery with ecological preservation.  

The coming years will determine whether Milei’s vision of economic growth can coexist with sustainable practices—or whether Argentina will pay an irreparable price for short-term gains.