Flood risk in Spain: critical infrastructure and vulnerable populations at stake

Wednesday 29 October 2025 - 12:50

By: Dakir Madiha

Flood risk in Spain: critical infrastructure and vulnerable populations at stake

One year after the devastating floods that ravaged Valencia, claiming over 220 lives and wreaking havoc on homes, schools, and public services, a new study reveals that Spain’s infrastructure remains critically unprotected from future floods. The Sustainability Observatory has identified over 4,000 essential buildings and facilities at high risk of flooding, underscoring the urgent need for climate adaptation measures.

Infrastructure at risk

The study highlights that 4,340 critical sites, including hospitals, schools, nursing homes, fire stations, police barracks, and chemical plants, are located in flood-prone areas. Of these, 2,673 are classified as being at "very serious risk." Alarmingly, 71% of these buildings fall into this category, with 13% deemed at “serious risk” and 16% at minimal risk. The findings reveal that many of these facilities were built directly on floodplains, with a total of 10,197 such structures identified across Spain.

Catalonia leads with the highest number of critical sites at very serious risk, representing 37% of the total, followed by Galicia at 16%. This is despite the fact that regions like Valencia, Murcia, and the Balearic Islands have experienced the most destructive floods in recent years.

Vulnerable populations and essential services

The data underscores the disproportionate threat to vulnerable populations. Over half (56%) of the critical sites serve vulnerable groups, including nursing homes, special education centers, and schools. Additionally, 9% are owned by state security services, 3% are health-related buildings, and 17% pertain to environmental security. Key infrastructure such as energy networks, water treatment plants, and transportation hubs are also at significant risk.

Recommendations for adaptation

The Sustainability Observatory calls for immediate measures to safeguard vulnerable populations and critical infrastructure. Key recommendations include:

- Installing early warning systems with strict protocols.

- Implementing flood risk ratings for buildings.

- Relocating developments away from high-risk zones and halting new construction in flood-prone areas.

- Reviewing urban planning to ensure compliance with flood risk assessments.

- Developing sustainable infrastructure to replace critical facilities at risk, such as hospitals, wastewater plants, and energy networks.

The study also emphasizes the need for accountability in public policies, flood risk management, and planning for climate change. It urges a focus on protecting the most vulnerable, advocating for relocations where necessary and ensuring the resilience of essential services.

Growing public concern

Public frustration over flood management has been palpable, particularly in Valencia, where protests have highlighted the inadequacy of flood warnings and the authorities' response. Locals are demanding greater transparency and action to prevent future tragedies.

The path forward

As climate change accelerates the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, Spain faces mounting pressure to prioritize climate adaptation. The study underscores the urgent need to protect lives, property, and essential infrastructure, ensuring a safer and more sustainable future.